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Opioid withdrawal syndrome encompasses the signs and symptoms that occur as a result of a rapid decrease or cessation of opioids after prolonged use. For short-acting opioids, opioid withdrawal symptoms present within approximately 12 hours of last dose and continue for about 3-5 days. For long-acting opioids, withdrawal symptoms occur within approximately 30 hours of last dose and continue for up to 10 days. While opioid withdrawal syndrome is rarely life threatening, it may lead to relapse if not managed properly.

Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects are frequently reported treatment-related side effects of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and contribute to non-adherence and discontinuation of these agents.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2019, 20.4% of adults in the United States (US) suffered from chronic pain, and 7.4% reported their chronic pain interfered with daily activities.1 Prescription opioids are frequently used to treat chronic pain. Although the total number of opioid prescriptions dispensed each year in the US has steadily decreased in the past decade, CDC data confirms that in 2019 Americans filled more than 153 million opioid prescriptions or 46.7 prescriptions per 100 individuals.2 Coupled with th…

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) is found in the proximal renal tubule and its function is to reabsorb filtered glucose from the urine.1,2 The SGLT2 inhibitor(s) (SGLT2i) (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) are a class of antihyperglycemic medications that block this glucose reabsorption process, promoting the renal excretion of glucose and thereby resulting in the blood glucose lowering effect.2